Thanks Ko Lu Phyu Chaw
Really appreciate for taking time and explaining all above.
I'll take not of that. It just i'm feeling un easy because i
swallowed a load from from my fb a week ago.
Base on your posts , u got wide range of knowledge in different
areas bro :) ..
u r smart and nice guy !
hello now i m having pain in my penis and white liquid is coming
out.
what sign is it?
i worry alot.
Dear Co,
Your problem is mostly probably Gonorrhoea. It's possible if u've
had unprotective sex(without use of condoms or it might be
broken). U can take Cifran 500 mg one tablet once (if u dont have
drug allergy for it) + azithral 1 gram tablet once.
I'd like to advice u to always use condom even for oral sex.
Anal
canceroccurs
in the anus, the end of the gastrointestinal tract. Analcanceris
very different from
colorectal cancer,
which is much more common. Anal cancer's causes, risk factors,
clinical progression, staging and treatment are all very different
from colorectal cancer. Anal cancer is a lump which is created by
the abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells in the
anus.
Anal
cancer is very rare. In the UK approximately 800 patients are
diagnosed annually, out of a total population of 61 million (2009).
According to the American Cancer Society, approximately 5,070 new
cases of anal cancers were diagnosed in the USA in 2008, of which
about 60% were women. Most anal cancer patients are diagnosed in
their early 60s. Approximately 680 people died from anal cancer in
the USA in 2008. The USA has a population of 300 million (2009).
Reports indicate that the incidence of this type of cancer is
rising. The number of anal cancer cases is increasing in both
sexes, particularly among American men, and changing trends in
sexual behavior - combined with current tobacco use and infection
by a specific strain of the human papillomavirus - may help explain
the increase,this article
explains.
Colorectal Cancer News
The latest Colorectal Cancer News articles published daily.
Includes news on tumors of the colon/rectum/anus, symptoms,
treatments, causes and risk factors and many more.
Anal
cancer is more common among women, men who receive anal
intercourse, and people with weakened immune systems. Experts say
that anal cancer is closely associated with some HPV (human
papilloma virus) strains.
The anus, the anal canal and squamous cell carcinomas
The
anus is right at the end of the gastrointestinal tract - the area
right at the end. While the anal canal is the tube that connects
the rectum to the outside of the body. The anal canal is surrounded
by the sphincter - a muscle. The sphincter controls bowel movements
by contracting and relaxing. In short, the anus is the outside area
while the anal canal is the tube.
The
anal canal is lined with squamous cells - flat cells that look like
fish scales under the microscope. The majority of anal cancers
develop from these squamous cells. Such cancers are known assquamous
cell carcinomas.
The
point at which the anal canal meets the rectum is called the
transitional zone. The transitional zone has squamous cells and
glandular cells - these produce mucus which helps the stool (feces)
pass through the anus smoothly. Adenocarcinoma (type of cancer) of
the anus can develop from these glandular cells. However, squamous
cell carcinomas make up the vast majority of anal cancers.
What are the symptoms of anal cancer?
Rectal bleeding - the patient may
notice blood on feces or toilet paper.
Pain in the anal area.
Lumps around the anus. These
are frequently mistaken for piles (hemorrhoids).
Women may experience lower
back pain
as the tumor exerts pressure on the vagina.
Women may experience vaginal
dryness.
What causes anal cancer?
Experts
are not sure what causes anal cancer. However, the following are
considered as possible risk factors:
HPV (human papilloma virus) - some types of
HPV are closely linked to anal cancer. Approximately 80% of
patients with anal cancer are infected in the anal area with a
HPV.
Sexual partner numbers - this is also linked
to HPV. The more sexual partners somebody has (or has had) the
higher are the chances of being infected with HPV, which is
closely linked to anal cancer risk.
Receptive anal intercourse - both men and
women who receive anal intercourse have a higher risk of
developing anal cancer. HIV-positive men who have sex with men
are up to 90 times more likely than the general population to
develop anal cancer, this study
revealed.
Other cancers - women who have had vaginal or
cervical cancer, and men who have had penile cancer are at
higher risk of developing anal cancer. This is also linked to
HPV infection.
Age - the older somebody is the higher is
his/her risk of developing anal cancer. In fact, this is the
case with most cancers.
A weak immune system - people with a weakened
immune system have a higher risk of developing anal cancer.
This may include people with HIV/AIDS, patients who have had
transplants and are taking immunosuppressant medications.
Smoking - smokers are significantly more
likely to develop anal cancer compared to non-smokers. In fact,
smoking raises the risk of developing several cancers.
Benign anal lesions - IBD (irritable bowel
disease), hemorrhoids, fistulae or cicatrices. Inflammation
resulting from benign anal lesions may increase a person's risk
of developing anal cancer.
How is anal cancer diagnosed?
The
first person to see will probably be a GP (general practitioner,
primary care physician). The GP will ask the patient about his/her
symptoms and carry out an examination. The doctor will also need to
know about the patient's medical history. Then the patient will be
referred to a colorectal surgeon - this is a doctor who specializes
in bowel conditions. Colorectal surgeons are sometimes called
proctologists. The specialist may carry out the following
tests:
A rectal examination - this may be a bit
uncomfortable, but is not painful. A proctoscope or
sigmoidoscope may be used - an instrument that allows the
doctor to examine the area in more detail. In some countries
this device is called an anoscope, and the procedure
'anoscopy'. The examination will determine whether the patient
needs a biopsy.
A biopsy - a small sample of
tissue is taken from the anal area and sent to the lab for
testing. Tissue will be examined under a microscope.
If
cancerous tissue is detected after the biopsy the patient will need
further tests to find out how advanced (big) the cancer is and
whether or not it has spread. The following tests may be
done:
CT (computerized tomography) scan - X-rays are
used to create a 3-dimensional picture of the target area.
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan -
magnets and radio waves produce 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional
pictures of the target area.
Ultrasound scan - sound waves are used to
create an image of the target area. This could be done
internally with a rectal ultrasound - the instrument is
inserted into the anus before the scanning begins.
What is the treatment for anal cancer?
Treatment
for anal cancer will depend on various factors, including how big
the tumor is, whether or not it has spread, where it is, and the
general health of the patient. If the tumor is small it can be
removed surgically, and that's it.
Surgery
The type of surgery a patient will require depends on the size
and position of the tumor.
Resection - this removes a small tumor and
some surrounding tissue. This type of surgery can only be
carried out if the anal sphincter is not sacrificed. Patients
who undergo a resection do not have their ability to pass a
bowel movement affected.
Abdominoperineal resection - the anus, rectum
and a section of the bowel are surgically removed. The patient
will need a colostomy - the end of the bowel is brought out
onto the skin on the surface of the abdomen. A bag is placed
over the stoma - the opening of the bowel - and collects the
stools (feces) outside the patient's body. Although this sounds
shocking, people with colostomies can lead normal lives, play
sports and have active sex lives.
In most cases, the patient will probably have to undergo
chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy.
Chemotherapy and radiotherapy
Radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy treatments
(chemoradiation) are commonly used to destroy the anal cancer
cells. Treatments are either given simultaneously or
consecutively. This combined therapy approach has led to a much
higher percentage of patients with an intact anal sphincter -
survival and cure rates are good.
Chemotherapy uses cytotoxic drugs (antineoplastics) - cytotoxic
drugs prevent the cancer cells from dividing. They are
administered either by injection or orally.
Radiotherapy uses high-energy rays that destroy the cancer
cells. This can be given by an external beam or internally
(brachytherapy).
Radiotherapy has side effects, as does chemotherapy. When the
treatment is combined the side effects may be more acute. Side
effects may include:
Diarrhea
Constipation
Soreness and blistering
around the target area (anus)
A higher susceptibility to
infections during treatment
Low white blood cell count
(which raises infection risk)
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